全文获取类型
收费全文 | 1135篇 |
免费 | 110篇 |
国内免费 | 1篇 |
出版年
2021年 | 11篇 |
2020年 | 9篇 |
2019年 | 12篇 |
2018年 | 12篇 |
2016年 | 22篇 |
2015年 | 23篇 |
2014年 | 38篇 |
2013年 | 47篇 |
2012年 | 50篇 |
2011年 | 42篇 |
2010年 | 34篇 |
2009年 | 29篇 |
2008年 | 42篇 |
2007年 | 37篇 |
2006年 | 51篇 |
2005年 | 51篇 |
2004年 | 42篇 |
2003年 | 41篇 |
2002年 | 37篇 |
2001年 | 37篇 |
2000年 | 32篇 |
1999年 | 24篇 |
1998年 | 14篇 |
1997年 | 22篇 |
1996年 | 15篇 |
1995年 | 12篇 |
1994年 | 21篇 |
1993年 | 18篇 |
1992年 | 23篇 |
1991年 | 23篇 |
1990年 | 15篇 |
1989年 | 19篇 |
1988年 | 21篇 |
1987年 | 16篇 |
1986年 | 13篇 |
1985年 | 12篇 |
1984年 | 17篇 |
1983年 | 20篇 |
1982年 | 13篇 |
1981年 | 13篇 |
1980年 | 10篇 |
1979年 | 11篇 |
1978年 | 9篇 |
1976年 | 14篇 |
1975年 | 14篇 |
1974年 | 20篇 |
1973年 | 11篇 |
1972年 | 9篇 |
1970年 | 12篇 |
1967年 | 10篇 |
排序方式: 共有1246条查询结果,搜索用时 62 毫秒
101.
102.
Senes A Chadi DC Law PB Walters RF Nanda V Degrado WF 《Journal of molecular biology》2007,366(2):436-448
We have developed an empirical residue-based potential (E(z) potential) for protein insertion in lipid membranes. Propensities for occurrence as a function of depth in the bilayer were calculated for the individual amino acid types from their distribution in known structures of helical membrane proteins. The propensities were then fit to continuous curves and converted to a potential using a reverse-Boltzman relationship. The E(z) potential demonstrated a good correlation with experimental data such as amino acid transfer free energy scales (water to membrane center and water to interface), and it incorporates transmembrane helices of varying composition in the membrane with trends similar to those obtained with translocon-mediated insertion experiments. The potential has a variety of applications in the analysis of natural membrane proteins as well as in the design of new ones. It can help in calculating the propensity of single helices to insert in the bilayer and estimate their tilt angle with respect to the bilayer normal. It can be utilized to discriminate amphiphilic helices that assume a parallel orientation at the membrane interface, such as those of membrane-active peptides. In membrane protein design applications, the potential allows an environment-dependent selection of amino acid identities. 相似文献
103.
104.
105.
James Wesley-Smith Christina Walters N. W. Pammenter Patricia Berjak 《Annals of botany》2015,115(6):991-1000
Background and Aims Conservation of the genetic diversity afforded by recalcitrant seeds is achieved by cryopreservation, in which excised embryonic axes (or, where possible, embryos) are treated and stored at temperatures lower than −180 °C using liquid nitrogen. It has previously been shown that intracellular ice forms in rapidly cooled embryonic axes of Acer saccharinum (silver maple) but this is not necessarily lethal when ice crystals are small. This study seeks to understand the nature and extent of damage from intracellular ice, and the course of recovery and regrowth in surviving tissues.Methods Embryonic axes of A. saccharinum, not subjected to dehydration or cryoprotection treatments (water content was 1·9 g H2O g−1 dry mass), were cooled to liquid nitrogen temperatures using two methods: plunging into nitrogen slush to achieve a cooling rate of 97 °C s−1 or programmed cooling at 3·3 °C s−1. Samples were thawed rapidly (177 °C s−1) and cell structure was examined microscopically immediately, and at intervals up to 72 h in vitro. Survival was assessed after 4 weeks in vitro. Axes were processed conventionally for optical microscopy and ultrastructural examination.Key Results Immediately following thaw after cryogenic exposure, cells from axes did not show signs of damage at an ultrastructural level. Signs that cells had been damaged were apparent after several hours of in vitro culture and appeared as autophagic decomposition. In surviving tissues, dead cells were sloughed off and pockets of living cells were the origin of regrowth. In roots, regrowth occurred from the ground meristem and procambium, not the distal meristem, which became lethally damaged. Regrowth of shoots occurred from isolated pockets of surviving cells of peripheral and pith meristems. The size of these pockets may determine the possibility for, the extent of and the vigour of regrowth.Conclusions Autophagic degradation and ultimately autolysis of cells following cryo-exposure and formation of small (0·2–0·4 µm) intracellular ice crystals challenges current ideas that ice causes immediate physical damage to cells. Instead, freezing stress may induce a signal for programmed cell death (PCD). Cells that form more ice crystals during cooling have faster PCD responses. 相似文献
106.
Priority threat management of invasive animals to protect biodiversity under climate change 下载免费PDF全文
Jennifer Firn Ramona Maggini Iadine Chadès Sam Nicol Belinda Walters Andy Reeson Tara G. Martin Hugh P. Possingham Jean‐Baptiste Pichancourt Rocio Ponce‐Reyes Josie Carwardine 《Global Change Biology》2015,21(11):3917-3930
Climate change is a major threat to global biodiversity, and its impacts can act synergistically to heighten the severity of other threats. Most research on projecting species range shifts under climate change has not been translated to informing priority management strategies on the ground. We develop a prioritization framework to assess strategies for managing threats to biodiversity under climate change and apply it to the management of invasive animal species across one‐sixth of the Australian continent, the Lake Eyre Basin. We collected information from key stakeholders and experts on the impacts of invasive animals on 148 of the region's most threatened species and 11 potential strategies. Assisted by models of current distributions of threatened species and their projected distributions, experts estimated the cost, feasibility, and potential benefits of each strategy for improving the persistence of threatened species with and without climate change. We discover that the relative cost‐effectiveness of invasive animal control strategies is robust to climate change, with the management of feral pigs being the highest priority for conserving threatened species overall. Complementary sets of strategies to protect as many threatened species as possible under limited budgets change when climate change is considered, with additional strategies required to avoid impending extinctions from the region. Overall, we find that the ranking of strategies by cost‐effectiveness was relatively unaffected by including climate change into decision‐making, even though the benefits of the strategies were lower. Future climate conditions and impacts on range shifts become most important to consider when designing comprehensive management plans for the control of invasive animals under limited budgets to maximize the number of threatened species that can be protected. 相似文献
107.
Cheriyan M Walters MJ Kang BD Anzaldi LL Toone EJ Fierke CA 《Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry》2011,19(21):6447-6453
The use of biological catalysts for industrial scale synthetic chemistry is highly attractive, given their cost effectiveness, high specificity that obviates the need for protecting group chemistry, and the environmentally benign nature of enzymatic procedures. Here we evolve the naturally occurring 2-keto-3-deoxy-6-phosphogluconate (KDPG) aldolases from Thermatoga maritima and Escherichia coli, into enzymes that recognize a nonfunctionalized electrophilic substrate, 2-keto-4-hydroxyoctonoate (KHO). Using an in vivo selection based on pyruvate auxotrophy, mutations were identified that lower the K(M) value up to 100-fold in E. coli KDPG aldolase, and that enhance the efficiency of retro-aldol cleavage of KHO by increasing the value of k(cat)/K(M) up to 25-fold in T. maritima KDPG aldolase. These data indicate that numerous mutations distal from the active site contribute to enhanced 'uniform binding' of the substrates, which is the first step in the evolution of novel catalytic activity. 相似文献
108.
109.
Sukhwinder S Sohal David Reid Amir Soltani Chris Ward Steven Weston H Konrad Muller Richard Wood-Baker E Haydn Walters 《Respiratory research》2011,12(1):130
Background
The reticular basement membrane (Rbm) in smokers and especially smokers with COPD is fragmented with "clefts" containing cells staining for the collagenase matrix-metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and fibroblast protein, S100A4. These cells are also present in the basal epithelium. Such changes are likely hallmarks of epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT). We aimed to confirm the epithelial origin of these Rbm cells, and to exclude potential confounding by infiltrating inflammatory cells.Methods
Endobronchial biopsy sections from 17 COPD current smokers, with documented Rbm splitting and cellularity were stained for neutrophil elastase (neutrophil marker), CD68 (macrophage/mature fibroblasts), CD4+/CD8+ T lymphocytes, CD19 (B-cells), CD11c (dendritic cells/inflammatory cells), and S100 (Langerhans cells). The number of cells in the Rbm and epithelium staining for these "inflammatory" cell markers were then compared to numbers staining for S100A4, "a documented EMT epitope". Slides were double stained for S100A4 and cytokeratin(s).Results
In the basal epithelium significantly more cells stained for S100A4 compared to infiltrating macrophages, fibroblasts or immune cells: median, 26 (21.3 - 37.3) versus 0 (0 - 9.6) per mm, p < 0.003. Markedly more S100A4 staining cells were also observed in the Rbm compared to infiltrating macrophages, neutrophils, fibroblasts or immune cells or any sub-type: 58 (37.3 - 92.6) versus 0 (0 - 4.8) cells/mm Rbm, p < 0.003. Cells in the basal epithelium 26 (21.3 - 37.3) per mm) and Rbm (5.9 (2.3 - 13.8) per mm) frequently double stained for both cytokeratin and S100A4.Conclusions
These data provide additional support for active EMT in COPD airways. 相似文献110.